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UTBK/SNBT Bahasa Inggris: Pertanyaan, Jawaban, Latihan Soal & Pembahasan

Urutkan

Matahari M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

It's fairly well known that a bad diet, a lack of exercise, and genetics can all contribute to type 2 diabetes. But a new global study points to an additional , surprising culprit: the air pollution emitted by cars and trucks. Though other research has shown a link between diabetes and air pollution in the past, this study is one of the largest of its kind, and it's unique because it both is longitudinal and includes several types of controls. What's more, it also quantifies exactly how many diabetes cases in the world are attributable to air pollution: 14 percent in 2016 alone. In the United States, it is found that air pollution is responsible for 150,000 cases of diabetes. The study authors control led for things like obesity and BMI, so it wasn't the case that heavier people simply lived in more polluted neighbourhood and were also more likely to get diabetes. The particles examined in this study are known as PM2.5, or particulate matter that's 2.5 micrometers big-30 times smaller than a human hair. They are emitted by various types of industry and fuel burning, but in the United States, the biggest source of PM2.5 is cars, says Ziyad AI-Aiy, the study's senior author and an assistant professor of medicine at Washington University at St. Louis. When there's lots of PM2.5 in the air, the air might look smoggy or hazy. In lighter concentrations, the particles are invisible. Scientists are just beginning to understand what exactly makes PM2.5 so harmful, but a major reason is that it's so small and contains toxic metals. Its size allows it to penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. There, it can circulate to different organs and cause inflammation. The inflammation increases insulin resistance. Eventually, this insulin resistance can become so severe the pancreas becomes unable to pump out enough insulin to compensate, and diabetes can set in. But this study and others might not lead to a tightening of the PM2.5 standards because, under a rule proposed by the Trump administration in April, al l studies used by the EPA to make air and water regulations must make their underlying data publicly available. As my colleague Robinson Meyer reported, studies like this and others, which show the detrimental health impacts of pollution, are based on health data that is confidential and cannot be de-anonymized. The consequences of PM2.5 are more severe for developing countries that do not have strict limits on air pollution. For example, the study says countries like Afghanistan and Papua New Guinea face a higher risk of lots of air-pollution-related cases of diabetes, while the United States has a moderate risk. Still, experts told me the connection between PM2.5 and various health risks is now so clear that people should try to avoid large amounts of particulates, if they can. "Live away from the major sources of emission. Don't live right near the 405," AI-Aly told me, referring to a notoriously congested freeway in Los Angeles. "Short of that, anywhere that's high in pollution, like some cities in China or India, many people wear masks." Adapted from: https://www. theatlantic.com!healthlarchivel2018107/a-frightening-new-reason-to-worl)l-about-air·pollution/5644281 In which paragraph does the author mention about the effects of air pollution? (A) 1 and 4. (E) 2 and 4. (B) 3 and 4. (D) 2 and 5. (C) 2 and 3.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Melati M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

It's fairly well known that a bad diet, a lack of exercise, and genetics can all contribute to type 2 diabetes. But a new global study points to an additional , surprising culprit: the air pollution emitted by cars and trucks. Though other research has shown a link between diabetes and air pollution in the past, this study is one of the largest of its kind, and it's unique because it both is longitudinal and includes several types of controls. What's more, it also quantifies exactly how many diabetes cases in the world are attributable to air pollution: 14 percent in 2016 alone. In the United States, it is found that air pollution is responsible for 150,000 cases of diabetes. The study authors control led for things like obesity and BMI, so it wasn't the case that heavier people simply lived in more polluted neighbourhood and were also more likely to get diabetes. The particles examined in this study are known as PM2.5, or particulate matter that's 2.5 micrometers big-30 times smaller than a human hair. They are emitted by various types of industry and fuel burning, but in the United States, the biggest source of PM2.5 is cars, says Ziyad AI-Aiy, the study's senior author and an assistant professor of medicine at Washington University at St. Louis. When there's lots of PM2.5 in the air, the air might look smoggy or hazy. In lighter concentrations, the particles are invisible. Scientists are just beginning to understand what exactly makes PM2.5 so harmful, but a major reason is that it's so small and contains toxic metals. Its size allows it to penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. There, it can circulate to different organs and cause inflammation. The inflammation increases insulin resistance. Eventually, this insulin resistance can become so severe the pancreas becomes unable to pump out enough insulin to compensate, and diabetes can set in. But this study and others might not lead to a tightening of the PM2.5 standards because, under a rule proposed by the Trump administration in April, al l studies used by the EPA to make air and water regulations must make their underlying data publicly available. As my colleague Robinson Meyer reported, studies like this and others, which show the detrimental health impacts of pollution, are based on health data that is confidential and cannot be de-anonymized. The consequences of PM2.5 are more severe for developing countries that do not have strict limits on air pollution. For example, the study says countries like Afghanistan and Papua New Guinea face a higher risk of lots of air-pollution-related cases of diabetes, while the United States has a moderate risk. Still, experts told me the connection between PM2.5 and various health risks is now so clear that people should try to avoid large amounts of particulates, if they can. "Live away from the major sources of emission. Don't live right near the 405," AI-Aly told me, referring to a notoriously congested freeway in Los Angeles. "Short of that, anywhere that's high in pollution, like some cities in China or India, many people wear masks." Adapted from: https://www. theatlantic.com!healthlarchivel2018107/a-frightening-new-reason-to-worl)l-about-air·pollution/5644281 How can PM 2.5 trigger diabetes type 2? (A) It will cause inflammation then increase insuline resistance. (B) It will block the bloodstream and make the lung unable to pump the blood. (C) It will block several organs in our body so that the bloodstream wi ll be threatened. (D) It can make inflammation to pancreas, so it is unable to pump out enough insulin to compensate. (E) It can trigger several organs in our body to limit the insulin production, so the diabetes can set in.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Mawar M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Climate is an important environmental influence on ecosystems. Changing climate affects ecosystems in a variety of ways. For instance, warming may force species to migrate to higher latitudes or higher elevations where temperatures are more conducive to their survival . Similarly, as sea level rises, saltwater intrusion into a freshwater system may force some key species to relocate or die, thus removing predators or prey that are critical in the existing food chain. Climate change not only affects ecosystems and species directly, it also interacts with other human stressors such as development. Although some stressors cause only minor impacts when acting alone, their cumulative impact may lead to dramatic ecological changes. For instance, climate change may exacerbate the stress that land development places on fragile coastal areas. Additionally, recently logged forested areas may become vulnerable to erosion if cl imate change leads to increases in heavy rain storms. For many species, the climate where they live or spend part of the year influences key stages of their annual life cycle, such as migration, blooming, and reproduction. As winters have become shorter and milder, the timing of these events has changed in some parts of the country. Earlier springs have led to earlier nesting for 28 migratory bird species on the East Coast of the United States. Northeastern birds that winter in the southern United States are returning north in the spring 13 days earlier than they did in a century ago. In a California study, 16 out of 23 butterfly species shifted their migration timing and arrived earlier. Because species differ in their ability to adjust, asynchronies can develop, increasing species and ecosystem vulnerability. These asynchronies can include mismatches in the timing of migration, breeding, pest avoidance, and food availability. Growth and survival are reduced when migrants arrive at a location before or after food sources are present. https://19january20 1 7snapshot. epa. gov!climate-impactslclimate-impacts-ecosystems_. html Because species differ in their ability to adjust, asynchronies can develop, increasing species and ecosystem *vulnerability*. The underlined word can best be replaced by (A) susceptibleness. (B) resistance. (C) protection. (D) shield. (E) cover.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Fifa H

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Climate is an important environmental influence on ecosystems. Changing climate affects ecosystems in a variety of ways. For instance, warming may force species to migrate to higher latitudes or higher elevations where temperatures are more conducive to their survival . Similarly, as sea level rises, saltwater intrusion into a freshwater system may force some key species to relocate or die, thus removing predators or prey that are critical in the existing food chain. Climate change not only affects ecosystems and species directly, it also interacts with other human stressors such as development. Although some stressors cause only minor impacts when acting alone, their cumulative impact may lead to dramatic ecological changes. For instance, climate change may exacerbate the stress that land development places on fragile coastal areas. Additionally, recently logged forested areas may become vulnerable to erosion if cl imate change leads to increases in heavy rain storms. For many species, the climate where they live or spend part of the year influences key stages of their annual life cycle, such as migration, blooming, and reproduction. As winters have become shorter and milder, the timing of these events has changed in some parts of the country. Earlier springs have led to earlier nesting for 28 migratory bird species on the East Coast of the United States. Northeastern birds that winter in the southern United States are returning north in the spring 13 days earlier than they did in a century ago. In a California study, 16 out of 23 butterfly species shifted their migration timing and arrived earlier. Because species differ in their ability to adjust, asynchronies can develop, increasing species and ecosystem vulnerability. These asynchronies can include mismatches in the timing of migration, breeding, pest avoidance, and food availability. Growth and survival are reduced when migrants arrive at a location before or after food sources are present. https://19january20 1 7snapshot. epa. gov!climate-impactslclimate-impacts-ecosystems_. html "Climate change not only affects ecosystems and species directly, *it* also interacts with other human stressors such as development." The underlined word refers to (A) climate change. (B) ecosystem. (C) habitat. (D) species. (E) human stressors.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Matahari M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Climate is an important environmental influence on ecosystems. Changing climate affects ecosystems in a variety of ways. For instance, warming may force species to migrate to higher latitudes or higher elevations where temperatures are more conducive to their survival . Similarly, as sea level rises, saltwater intrusion into a freshwater system may force some key species to relocate or die, thus removing predators or prey that are critical in the existing food chain. Climate change not only affects ecosystems and species directly, it also interacts with other human stressors such as development. Although some stressors cause only minor impacts when acting alone, their cumulative impact may lead to dramatic ecological changes. For instance, climate change may exacerbate the stress that land development places on fragile coastal areas. Additionally, recently logged forested areas may become vulnerable to erosion if cl imate change leads to increases in heavy rain storms. For many species, the climate where they live or spend part of the year influences key stages of their annual life cycle, such as migration, blooming, and reproduction. As winters have become shorter and milder, the timing of these events has changed in some parts of the country. Earlier springs have led to earlier nesting for 28 migratory bird species on the East Coast of the United States. Northeastern birds that winter in the southern United States are returning north in the spring 13 days earlier than they did in a century ago. In a California study, 16 out of 23 butterfly species shifted their migration timing and arrived earlier. Because species differ in their ability to adjust, asynchronies can develop, increasing species and ecosystem vulnerability. These asynchronies can include mismatches in the timing of migration, breeding, pest avoidance, and food availability. Growth and survival are reduced when migrants arrive at a location before or after food sources are present. https://19january20 1 7snapshot. epa. gov!climate-impactslclimate-impacts-ecosystems_. html It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that (A) climate plays an important role in changing human habitat. (B) the abil ity of species relies on climate changes. (C) climate change made certain species of butterflies to shift. (D) climate change leads to increases in heavy rain storms. (E) climate change both affects ecosystems directly and interacts with other human stressors.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Melati M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Scientists used artificial intelligence (AI) to study the spatial relationships between main earthquakes and their aftershocks. In tests, AI predicted the aftershock locations better than the traditional methods that many seismologists use. In 1992, a series of earthquakes prompted an outbreak of interest among seismologists. They were trying to map out where exactly an aftershock might occur based on how a mainshock might shift stresses on other faults. After 1992, researchers began trying to refine the complicated stress change patterns using diffent criteria. The most used criterion, the Coulomb fai lure stress change, depends on fault orientations. However, stresses can push on the faults from many directions at once. Consequently, fault orientations is the subsurface can be complicated. Using AI, the data included more than locations and magnitudes. The data considered different measures of change in stress on the faults from the quakes. The AI learned from the data to determine how likely an aftreshock was to occur in a specific place. The team tested how precise the system could pinpoint aftershock locations much better than the Coulomb failure criterion. However, the study focuses just on permanent shifts in stress due to a quake. Aftershocks may also be triggered by a more momentary source of stress. A quake's rumbling through the ground could produce this kind of stress. Another questions is whether Al-based forecast system could leap into action quickly enough after a quake. The predictions in the new study benefited from a lot of information about which faults slipped and by how much. In the immediate aftermath of a big quake, such data wouldn't be available for at least a day. It can be inferred from the text that (A) prior to 1 992, research was focused on measuring the magnitude of the main earthquake. (B) an aftershock indicates that the subsurface is undergoing to permanent fault shift. (C) due to its limitations, AI most likely cannot perform as fast as it is needed. (D) the more powerful an earthquake, the more aftershocks will occur. (E) the aftershock almost always immediately follows an earthquake.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Mawar M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Scientists used artificial intelligence (AI) to study the spatial relationships between main earthquakes and their aftershocks. In tests, AI predicted the aftershock locations better than the traditional methods that many seismologists use. In 1992, a series of earthquakes prompted an outbreak of interest among seismologists. They were trying to map out where exactly an aftershock might occur based on how a mainshock might shift stresses on other faults. After 1992, researchers began trying to refine the complicated stress change patterns using diffent criteria. The most used criterion, the Coulomb fai lure stress change, depends on fault orientations. However, stresses can push on the faults from many directions at once. Consequently, fault orientations is the subsurface can be complicated. Using AI, the data included more than locations and magnitudes. The data considered different measures of change in stress on the faults from the quakes. The AI learned from the data to determine how likely an aftreshock was to occur in a specific place. The team tested how precise the system could pinpoint aftershock locations much better than the Coulomb failure criterion. However, the study focuses just on permanent shifts in stress due to a quake. Aftershocks may also be triggered by a more momentary source of stress. A quake's rumbling through the ground could produce this kind of stress. Another questions is whether Al-based forecast system could leap into action quickly enough after a quake. The predictions in the new study benefited from a lot of information about which faults slipped and by how much. In the immediate aftermath of a big quake, such data wouldn't be available for at least a day. This passage would probably be assigned reading in which of the following course? (A) Computer science. (B) Geophysics. (C) Engineering. (D) Statistics. (E) History.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Fifa H

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Scientists used artificial intelligence (AI) to study the spatial relationships between main earthquakes and their aftershocks. In tests, AI predicted the aftershock locations better than the traditional methods that many seismologists use. In 1992, a series of earthquakes prompted an outbreak of interest among seismologists. They were trying to map out where exactly an aftershock might occur based on how a mainshock might shift stresses on other faults. After 1992, researchers began trying to refine the complicated stress change patterns using diffent criteria. The most used criterion, the Coulomb fai lure stress change, depends on fault orientations. However, stresses can push on the faults from many directions at once. Consequently, fault orientations is the subsurface can be complicated. Using AI, the data included more than locations and magnitudes. The data considered different measures of change in stress on the faults from the quakes. The AI learned from the data to determine how likely an aftreshock was to occur in a specific place. The team tested how precise the system could pinpoint aftershock locations much better than the Coulomb failure criterion. However, the study focuses just on permanent shifts in stress due to a quake. Aftershocks may also be triggered by a more momentary source of stress. A quake's rumbling through the ground could produce this kind of stress. Another questions is whether Al-based forecast system could leap into action quickly enough after a quake. The predictions in the new study benefited from a lot of information about which faults slipped and by how much. In the immediate aftermath of a big quake, such data wouldn't be available for at least a day. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the text? (A) The Coulomb failure stress change is one of the traditional methods. (B) Using AI, scientists can predict aftershock locations based on locations and magnitudes only. (C) The AI technology considers more variables than the Coulomb criterion. (D) When an earthquake hits, the faults receive stress from multiple directions. (E) AI offers better precision in predicting aftershock locations after an earthquake.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Matahari M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Scientists used artificial intelligence (AI) to study the spatial relationships between main earthquakes and their aftershocks. In tests, AI predicted the aftershock locations better than the traditional methods that many seismologists use. In 1992, a series of earthquakes prompted an outbreak of interest among seismologists. They were trying to map out where exactly an aftershock might occur based on how a mainshock might shift stresses on other faults. After 1992, researchers began trying to refine the complicated stress change patterns using diffent criteria. The most used criterion, the Coulomb fai lure stress change, depends on fault orientations. However, stresses can push on the faults from many directions at once. Consequently, fault orientations is the subsurface can be complicated. Using AI, the data included more than locations and magnitudes. The data considered different measures of change in stress on the faults from the quakes. The AI learned from the data to determine how likely an aftreshock was to occur in a specific place. The team tested how precise the system could pinpoint aftershock locations much better than the Coulomb failure criterion. However, the study focuses just on permanent shifts in stress due to a quake. Aftershocks may also be triggered by a more momentary source of stress. A quake's rumbling through the ground could produce this kind of stress. Another questions is whether Al-based forecast system could leap into action quickly enough after a quake. The predictions in the new study benefited from a lot of information about which faults slipped and by how much. In the immediate aftermath of a big quake, such data wouldn't be available for at least a day. In paragraph 2, why does the author include information about the earthquakes happening in 1992? (A) To give background for the new approach in seismology. (B) To inform readers of the first occurrence of aftershocks. (C) To describe how extensive the AI research has been done. (D) To illustrate how interesting,aftershocks were to seismologists. (E) To give an example of a prominent series of earthquakes in history.

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Jawaban terverifikasi

Melati M

26 Januari 2022 08:15

Right now, the amount of carbon dioxide in our environment is hovering at 400 parts per million a number that is already large enough to start affecting our environment.Carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas, meaning that it traps heat within the Earth's atmosphere. That is why governments around the world are trying to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere annually, in the hopes that the planet will not get so warm that parts of the planet become uninhabitable. But what if those reductions do not happen, and instead, everything goes horribly wrong? Looking at a computer model of a world completely covered in water (a simple analog of the Earth, which is 71 percent covered by water) Popp and colleagues looked at what would happen if the carbon dioxide levels rose to staggering levels. They found that when the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached 1 .520 parts per million, temperatures at the surface of the world would reach nearly 135 degrees fahrenheit, evaporating vast amounts of water into the atmosphere, and sending them high up into the atmosphere near space. In this scenario, called the "moist greenhouse" in the paper, Popp estimates that water could easily escape from the water world's atmosphere into space. Worse, they found . that once moist greenhouse conditions were reached, they could not be reversed, even by removing the excess carbon dioxide. A similar situation could happen in a few bil lion years as the sun brightens in the natural course of its evolution, sending out so much more heat and light that the temperature of the Earth's surface rises, creating a similar moist greenhouse effect. But there is no need to worry right now about whether the world wi ll end in fire or gas. Given the lengthy time scale to reach either situation (millions if not billions of years) , these are more geological doomsday scenarios than human ones. Is not that comforting? Diadaptasi dari http://www.popsci.comlhow-worlds-oceans-might·eventually vanish-into-space What likely motivates the writer in writing the passage? (A) To describe the future possibility of our earth. (B) To raise people's awareness about the world's worsening problem. (C) To exemplify certain gases leading to global warming. (D) To blame human activities as the chief culprit of the raising temperature. (E) To explain the effects of carbon dioxide to the world's lowering temperature.

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Jawaban terverifikasi
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