UTBK/SNBT Bahasa Inggris: Pertanyaan, Jawaban, Latihan Soal & Pembahasan

The information and communication technology revolution can be easily recognized as the latest revolution in the history of mankind, impacting every facet of business, society, and life worldwide with a speed beyond imagination. The last centuries have seen a continuous evolution process, which started with industrial revolution at the end of 18th century. This revolution has its roots in the invention of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, continued with the development of information technology during following decades and exploded in the early 1990s. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technology was mainly utilized in business data processing and scientific applications of a mostly number crunching nature. As a result, the use of this technology was limited to those who had good command of these systems and computer programming languages. With the invention of microprocessors a new idea of distributed information established itself and computers became available on a personal basis. The contemporary development of networking both on a local and a wide area (LAN and WAN) merged computer and information technology with telecommunication. In 1980s the matching of the two technologies led to the information communication technology, with a strong focus on the management and dissemination of information by both providers and users.

The most noticeable explosion in the information and communication technology revolution was the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its potential in the early 1990s. During the past two decades, WWW technologies have become the driving force in allowing people worldwide to communicate and exchange information in ways that have created a totally new dimension for mankind, at such a point that "global villages" are the words today better describing our planet. In recent years, through the use of web-enabled technologies, organizations of all types and sizes around the world have managed to utilize these technologies to conduct both information processing and dissemination with their prospective customers, suppliers, students, and governments. These technologies, now allowing readily available information for everyone regardless of their geographic location, bring the true meaning of the information age to its full realization and prepare a new era for mankind: the knowledge society.

In recent years, the science of understanding the nature of information processing and management combined with computer and telecommunication technologies to process, dissaminate, and manage information has become known as "information and communication science and technology." It has many resources and components and originated many new disciplines but, what is more, it intervenes in changing mankind's habits and lifestyle.

The purpose of the text is to ....

The process of global warming and the destructive nature of wildfires have created a deadly cycle in which one constantly contributes to the other. Forest fires and global warming have created a dangerous relationship. The link between these two force has become clear in recent years. As the climate becomes warmer, forests will become drier, spawning the perfect environment for fires. In addition, as forest fires continue and gain intensity, the trees release more carbon into the atmosphere which contributes to the greenhouse effect and which therefore causes global warming.

The increase in forest fires can now be seen as a factor which contributes to global warming. Trees, in the carbon cycle, are labeled a "sink" or a store for carbon. The ability of trees to store carbon dioxide has helped reduce the amount of CO2 that is pumped into the atmosphere. But, now that more trees are being burned through increased forest fires, this store carbon is being released and the CO2 becomes part of the greenhouse gases that drive the greenhouse effect. So we believe that extra fires intensity global warming. Furthermore, carbon is released in the decomposition of the trees after the fire. There is no doubt that global warming and forest fires are linked rising temperatures.

Global warming is a process which has been occuring for years and whose effects have been more intensively felt by all of living creatures. Forest fires have also been recorded for years, but as mentioned they are a natural process. Therefore, it would be reasonable to attack global warming first. Much work has been done already to solve this problem. Some plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as Kyoto Protocol has been in place for years, but they have shown little results.

Some experts who care about global warming say that the solutions must start at home. People, who suffer from immediate effect of global warming, must realize that most of their day to day activities contribute to climate charge. But, reducing what is called "carbon footprint" is not difficult. It can be as easy as changing travel methods, instead of driving to school or working everyday, biking or walking. Or it can be as easy as buying an energy efficient appliance or switching the lights off in rooms which are not being used.

Leadership from ordinary people is what it will take to fight against global warming. People must educate each other on these harmful effects and make them known. But, this process will continue to damage forests around the world unless something is done to reduce the effects of global warming.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "decomposition" (line 12)?

The process of global warming and the destructive nature of wildfires have created a deadly cycle in which one constantly contributes to the other. Forest fires and global warming have created a dangerous relationship. The link between these two force has become clear in recent years. As the climate becomes warmer, forests will become drier, spawning the perfect environment for fires. In addition, as forest fires continue and gain intensity, the trees release more carbon into the atmosphere which contributes to the greenhouse effect and which therefore causes global warming.

The increase in forest fires can now be seen as a factor which contributes to global warming. Trees, in the carbon cycle, are labeled a "sink" or a store for carbon. The ability of trees to store carbon dioxide has helped reduce the amount of CO2 that is pumped into the atmosphere. But, now that more trees are being burned through increased forest fires, this store carbon is being released and the CO2 becomes part of the greenhouse gases that drive the greenhouse effect. So we believe that extra fires intensity global warming. Furthermore, carbon is released in the decomposition of the trees after the fire. There is no doubt that global warming and forest fires are linked rising temperatures.

Global warming is a process which has been occuring for years and whose effects have been more intensively felt by all of living creatures. Forest fires have also been recorded for years, but as mentioned they are a natural process. Therefore, it would be reasonable to attack global warming first. Much work has been done already to solve this problem. Some plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as Kyoto Protocol has been in place for years, but they have shown little results.

Some experts who care about global warming say that the solutions must start at home. People, who suffer from immediate effect of global warming, must realize that most of their day to day activities contribute to climate charge. But, reducing what is called "carbon footprint" is not difficult. It can be as easy as changing travel methods, instead of driving to school or working everyday, biking or walking. Or it can be as easy as buying an energy efficient appliance or switching the lights off in rooms which are not being used.

Leadership from ordinary people is what it will take to fight against global warming. People must educate each other on these harmful effects and make them known. But, this process will continue to damage forests around the world unless something is done to reduce the effects of global warming.

The pronoun "they" (line 18) refers to ....

Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our most cherished institutions is, by its very nature, failing our children and our society.   (5)

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientists have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school.   (10)

Compulsory education has been a fixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume that the basic design of today's school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But nothing could be further from the truth.

(15)   Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed during the Protestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey authority figures without  questioning them. When school were taken over by the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends,the basic structure and methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have failed because they have not altered, the basic blueprint. (20)  The top down, teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of rewards and punishments rather than by curiosity or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no wonder that many of the world's greatest entrepreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison) or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einsten).

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "qualms" (line 2)?

The information and communication technology revolution can be easily recognized as the latest revolution in the history of mankind, impacting every facet of business, society, and life worldwide with a speed beyond imagination. The last centuries have seen a continuous evolution process, which started with industrial revolution at the end of 18th century. This revolution has its roots in the invention of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, continued with the development of information technology during following decades and exploded in the early 1990s. (5)  In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technology was mainly utilized in business data processing and scientific applications of a mostly number crunching nature. As a result, the use of this technology was limited to those who had good command of these systems and computer programming languages. With the invention of microprocessors a new idea of distributed information established itself and computers became available on a personal basis. (10)  The contemporary development of networking both on a local and a wide area (LAN and WAN) merged computer and information technology with telecommunication. In 1980s the matching of the two technologies led to the information communication technology, with a strong focus on the management and dissemination of information by both providers and users.

The most noticeable explosion in the information and communication technology revolution was the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its potential in the early 1990s. (15)  During the past two decades, WWW technologies have become the driving force in allowing people worldwide to communicate and exchange information in ways that have created a totally new dimension for mankind, at such a point that "global villages" are the words today better describing our planet. In recent years, through the use of web-enabled technologies, organizations of all types and sizes around the world have managed to utilize these technologies to conduct both information processing and dissemination with their prospective customers, suppliers, students, and governments. (20)   These technologies, now allowing readily available information for everyone regardless of their geographic location, bring the true meaning of the information age to its full realization and prepare a new era for mankind: the knowledge society.

In recent years, the science of understanding the nature of information processing and management combined with computer and telecommunication technologies to process, dissaminate, and manage information has become known as "information and communication science and technology." It has many resources and components and originated many new disciplines but, what is more, it intervenes in changing mankind's habits and lifestyle.

In which lines of the text does the author mention that everyone can access information anywhere?

The information and communication technology revolution can be easily recognized as the latest revolution in the history of mankind, impacting every facet of business, society, and life worldwide with a speed beyond imagination. The last centuries have seen a continuous evolution process, which started with industrial revolution at the end of 18th century. This revolution has its roots in the invention of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, continued with the development of information technology during following decades and exploded in the early 1990s. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technology was mainly utilized in business data processing and scientific applications of a mostly number crunching nature. As a result, the use of this technology was limited to those who had good command of these systems and computer programming languages. With the invention of microprocessors a new idea of distributed information established itself and computers became available on a personal basis. The contemporary development of networking both on a local and a wide area (LAN and WAN) merged computer and information technology with telecommunication. In 1980s the matching of the two technologies led to the information communication technology, with a strong focus on the management and dissemination of information by both providers and users.

The most noticeable explosion in the information and communication technology revolution was the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its potential in the early 1990s. During the past two decades, WWW technologies have become the driving force in allowing people worldwide to communicate and exchange information in ways that have created a totally new dimension for mankind, at such a point that "global villages" are the words today better describing our planet. In recent years, through the use of web-enabled technologies, organizations of all types and sizes around the world have managed to utilize these technologies to conduct both information processing and dissemination with their prospective customers, suppliers, students, and governments. These technologies, now allowing readily available information for everyone regardless of their geographic location, bring the true meaning of the information age to its full realization and prepare a new era for mankind: the knowledge society.

In recent years, the science of understanding the nature of information processing and management combined with computer and telecommunication technologies to process, dissaminate, and manage information has become known as "information and communication science and technology." It has many resources and components and originated many new disciplines but, what is more, it intervenes in changing mankind's habits and lifestyle.

It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that ...

Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our most cherished institutions is, by its very nature, failing our children and our society.   (5)

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientists have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school.   (10)

Compulsory education has been a fixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume that the basic design of today's school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But nothing could be further from the truth.

(15)   Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed during the Protestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey authority figures without  questioning them. When school were taken over by the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends,the basic structure and methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have failed because they have not altered, the basic blueprint. (20)  The top down, teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of rewards and punishments rather than by curiosity or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no wonder that many of the world's greatest entrepreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison) or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einsten).

What is the purpose of the text?

The information and communication technology revolution can be easily recognized as the latest revolution in the history of mankind, impacting every facet of business, society, and life worldwide with a speed beyond imagination. The last centuries have seen a continuous evolution process, which started with industrial revolution at the end of 18th century. This revolution has its roots in the invention of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, continued with the development of information technology during following decades and exploded in the early 1990s. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technology was mainly utilized in business data processing and scientific applications of a mostly number crunching nature. As a result, the use of this technology was limited to those who had good command of these systems and computer programming languages. With the invention of microprocessors a new idea of distributed information established itself and computers became available on a personal basis. The contemporary development of networking both on a local and a wide area (LAN and WAN) merged computer and information technology with telecommunication. In 1980s the matching of the two technologies led to the information communication technology, with a strong focus on the management and dissemination of information by both providers and users.

The most noticeable explosion in the information and communication technology revolution was the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its potential in the early 1990s. During the past two decades, WWW technologies have become the driving force in allowing people worldwide to communicate and exchange information in ways that have created a totally new dimension for mankind, at such a point that "global villages" are the words today better describing our planet. In recent years, through the use of web-enabled technologies, organizations of all types and sizes around the world have managed to utilize these technologies to conduct both information processing and dissemination with their prospective customers, suppliers, students, and governments. These technologies, now allowing readily available information for everyone regardless of their geographic location, bring the true meaning of the information age to its full realization and prepare a new era for mankind: the knowledge society.

In recent years, the science of understanding the nature of information processing and management combined with computer and telecommunication technologies to process, dissaminate, and manage information has become known as "information and communication science and technology." It has many resources and components and originated many new disciplines but, what is more, it intervenes in changing mankind's habits and lifestyle.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "merged" (line 10)?

one considered at best a pretty unpleasant location for life. i on carbon compound that help warn the plant, or perhaps they were launched up there by hair currents, according to a new study. Last populations of microbes live between four and six miles above the Earth surface in an atmospheric y might be living at those altituides and feasting Researchers found 17 different bacteria taxi. Oa averaged, 20 percent. of the small particles ia the upper atmosphere are living bacteria cells. Bacteria greatly outnumber fungi in the atraosphere. The bus in the hair seem to mirror the type of bus on the surface. When the aircraft flew over the ocean, the filter caught marine bacteria, and when they were over land, they found terrestrial microbes. The bacteria lively reach such great heights through the same processed that send sea salt and dust into the hair Some of the bacteria use carbon compound in the atmosphere, suggesting they might be able to survive features may have there long-term. What is especially interesting about this is the potential impact microscopic cr on our weather. Clouds are collection of liquid or frozen droplets that condensed around a nucleus, usually a piece of dust or a grain of salt. But nuclei could be made from bacteria, too. Some types of bacteria promoted the formation of ice droplets or of freezing

The points mentioned in paragraph 3 of the passage mainly explain that

A.D: 830: A storm sends an Indonesian trading ship drastically off course. Months later, dozens of ragged survivors make landfall on an island off the southeast coast of Africa, more than 3,000,miles from ho Today, Murray Cox, a computational biologist at New Zealand Masses University, says a scenario like this may describe.the gloomy origins of the first permanent settlement on.Madagascar, home to about 22 milion people-today 2 Genetic and linguistic studied suggest the islands native Malagasvpeople are mainly of Indonesian descent. The idea of early Indonesians traveling 3,000 miles to the island intrigued. Cox. Its a surprisingly long distance to come, he says. So he used computer modeling to purse the clue, running theo settlement simulations. Cox soon pispointed one that would explain the una pattern evident in Madagascar today. Surprisingly, the current populations descends primarily from just 30 or so Indonesian women who arrived 12 ceinturies ago. His conclusion is supported by prior finding that about 30 percent of Malagasy have the same mitechondrial una, which is passed from mother, to child-far less diversity than in typical human populations, which share less than 2 percent. This suggests rapid, recent growtg from a very small founded populations, Cox says It is unclear how Madagascars founding mothers (and the fathers who must have been with them arrived. Cox, proposed scafaring merchants throws off course, or refugees fleeing political strive; the latter could explain why women, usually not found on trade ships, were on board. Now, Cox plans to explore whether small founding groups are characteristics of other early island settlement, including Hawaii. There may be general rules for settling islands, he says.

The paragraph following the passage wit Tikely talk about....