UTBK/SNBT Bahasa Inggris: Pertanyaan, Jawaban, Latihan Soal & Pembahasan

Forget lions, tigers, and bears. When it comes to the art of war, army ants are among the most frightening creatures on earth. With powerful mouth parts, these fighters can skillfully cut creatures much larger than themselves into pieces. Acting together in great number, army ant colonies succeed at making tens of thousands of such kills each day. Their capabilities do have limits, though. Contrary to popular belief, they almost never take down large animals or people

One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake created by Panama Canal. The island is home to as many as 50 colonies of Ecilon burchelli, the most studied army ant in the world. It is one of 150 types of army ants in the New World;more 170 other types live in Asia, Africa, and Australia.

The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300.000 to 700.000 ants. They never stay in one place long, moving from nest site. Linking legs together, they use their own bodies to form enormous nests called bivouacs, which they hang beneath a fallen tree. There they stay about 20 days as the queen lays as many as 300.000 eggs.

When the ants go hunting as many as 200.000 of them leave the nest in a group that broadens into a fan as wide as 14 meters. This swarm raid takes a slightly different course each day, allowing the hunter to cover fresh ground each time.

Protecting the ants wherever they go are soldiers, recognizable by their oversized jaws. If their frightening looks do not scare enemies away, soldiers also have a powerful bite and the attack is often suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped like fishhooks, the soldiers cannot pull them out again. Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds, breaking off the bodies and leaving the head in place.

Eciton burchelli are blind and cannot see what is a head of them, but they move together in such great numbers that they can easily kill the non army ants insect and other small creatures that constitute their prey. When the groups happen upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and form living bridges so that the groups can move forwards without any delay.

In Japanese the word ant is written by linking two character: one meaning "insect", the other meaning "loyalty". Indeed, individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of selfiess cooperation that, while certainty extreme, cannot fail to win human admiration.

(Adapted from www.nationalgeographic.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

The author's purpose of writing the text is to ...

Forget lions, tigers, and bears. When it comes to the art of war, army ants are among the most frightening creatures on earth. With powerful mouth parts, these fighters can skillfully cut creatures much larger than themselves into pieces. Acting together in great number, army ant colonies succeed at making tens of thousands of such kills each day. Their capabilities do have limits, though. Contrary to popular belief, they almost never take down large animals or people

One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake created by Panama Canal. The island is home to as many as 50 colonies of Ecilon burchelli, the most studied army ant in the world. It is one of 150 types of army ants in the New World;more 170 other types live in Asia, Africa, and Australia.

The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300.000 to 700.000 ants. They never stay in one place long, moving from nest site. Linking legs together, they use their own bodies to form enormous nests called bivouacs, which they hang beneath a fallen tree. There they stay about 20 days as the queen lays as many as 300.000 eggs.

When the ants go hunting as many as 200.000 of them leave the nest in a group that broadens into a fan as wide as 14 meters. This swarm raid takes a slightly different course each day, allowing the hunter to cover fresh ground each time.

Protecting the ants wherever they go are soldiers, recognizable by their oversized jaws. If their frightening looks do not scare enemies away, soldiers also have a powerful bite and the attack is often suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped like fishhooks, the soldiers cannot pull them out again. Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds, breaking off the bodies and leaving the head in place.

Eciton burchelli are blind and cannot see what is a head of them, but they move together in such great numbers that they can easily kill the non army ants insect and other small creatures that constitute their prey. When the groups happen upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and form living bridges so that the groups can move forwards without any delay.

In Japanese the word ant is written by linking two character: one meaning "insect", the other meaning "loyalty". Indeed, individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of selfiess cooperation that, while certainty extreme, cannot fail to win human admiration.

(Adapted from www.nationalgeographic.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

Which of the following statements about soldier ants is NOT true?

Forget lions, tigers, and bears. When it comes to the art of war, army ants are among the most frightening creatures on earth. With powerful mouth parts, these fighters can skillfully cut creatures much larger than themselves into pieces. Acting together in great number, army ant colonies succeed at making tens of thousands of such kills each day. Their capabilities do have limits, though. Contrary to popular belief, they almost never take down large animals or people

One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake created by Panama Canal. The island is home to as many as 50 colonies of Ecilon burchelli, the most studied army ant in the world. It is one of 150 types of army ants in the New World;more 170 other types live in Asia, Africa, and Australia.

The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300.000 to 700.000 ants. They never stay in one place long, moving from nest site. Linking legs together, they use their own bodies to form enormous nests called bivouacs, which they hang beneath a fallen tree. There they stay about 20 days as the queen lays as many as 300.000 eggs.

When the ants go hunting as many as 200.000 of them leave the nest in a group that broadens into a fan as wide as 14 meters. This swarm raid takes a slightly different course each day, allowing the hunter to cover fresh ground each time.

Protecting the ants wherever they go are soldiers, recognizable by their oversized jaws. If their frightening looks do not scare enemies away, soldiers also have a powerful bite and the attack is often suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped like fishhooks, the soldiers cannot pull them out again. Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds, breaking off the bodies and leaving the head in place.

Eciton burchelli are blind and cannot see what is a head of them, but they move together in such great numbers that they can easily kill the non army ants insect and other small creatures that constitute their prey. When the groups happen upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and form living bridges so that the groups can move forwards without any delay.

In Japanese the word ant is written by linking two character: one meaning "insect", the other meaning "loyalty". Indeed, individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of selfiess cooperation that, while certainty extreme, cannot fail to win human admiration.

(Adapted from www.nationalgeographic.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

How is the information in the last paragraph organized?

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practises, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1,1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott tasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signifance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non violence was one of the most polant weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, they clerly-led Southern Chrisitan Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokeperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protest spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, In April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contract to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.

(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

What is the text primarily concerned with?

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practises, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1,1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott tasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signifance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non violence was one of the most polant weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, they clerly-led Southern Chrisitan Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokeperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protest spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, In April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contract to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.

(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

The word "subsequent" in (line 25) is closest in the meaning to

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practises, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1,1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott tasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signifance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non violence was one of the most polant weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, they clerly-led Southern Chrisitan Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokeperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protest spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, In April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contract to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.

(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

In which lines of the text does the author mention the purpose of black activitism during the 1960s?

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practises, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1,1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott tasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signifance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non violence was one of the most polant weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, they clerly-led Southern Chrisitan Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokeperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protest spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, In April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contract to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.

(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Montgomery Bus Boycott?

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practises, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1,1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott tasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signifance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non violence was one of the most polant weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, they clerly-led Southern Chrisitan Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokeperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protest spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, In April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contract to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.

(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)

It is implied in text that Martin Luther King. Jr ....

Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our most cherished institutions is, by its very nature, falling our children and our society.

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientist have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school.

Compulsory education has been a fixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of Education Ame Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume that the basic design of today's school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But nothing could be further from the truth.

Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed during the Prolestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible, to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey authority figures without questioning them. When schools were taken over by the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends, the basic structure and methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have falled because they have not altered basic blueprint. The top down, teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of rewards and punishments rather than by curiousity or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no wonder that many of the world's greatest enterpreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison) or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einstein).

(Adapted from http://www.rd.com/advice/parenting/American-school-system-damaging-kids/#Fxzz2q3Slk4Hn. Accessed February 12, 2014)

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "qualms" (line 2)

Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our most cherished institutions is, by its very nature, falling our children and our society.

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientist have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school.

Compulsory education has been a fixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of Education Ame Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume that the basic design of today's school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But nothing could be further from the truth.

Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed during the Prolestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible, to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey authority figures without questioning them. When schools were taken over by the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends, the basic structure and methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have falled because they have not altered basic blueprint. The top down, teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of rewards and punishments rather than by curiousity or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no wonder that many of the world's greatest enterpreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison) or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einstein).

(Adapted from http://www.rd.com/advice/parenting/American-school-system-damaging-kids/#Fxzz2q3Slk4Hn. Accessed February 12, 2014)

What is the purpose of the text?