UTBK/SNBT Bahasa Inggris: Pertanyaan, Jawaban, Latihan Soal & Pembahasan

                Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder. It is also known as manic-depressive illness. It causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. It also affects the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. There are four basic types of bipolar disorder. All of them involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range, from periods of extremely “up” to “down” periods. During the “up” period one shows energized behavior. During the “down” periods he/she is very sad or hopeless. The “up” periods are known as manic episodes. The “down” periods are known as depressive episodes. Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.

                People with bipolar disorder experience periods of extremely intense emotion. They also experience changes in sleep patterns and activity levels. They show unsual behaviors. These periods are called “mood episodes”. Mood episodes are extremely different from the person’s ordinary moods and behaviors. During the mood episodes there are extreme changes in energy, activity, and sleep.

                Sometimes a mood episode includes both manic and depressive symptoms. This is called an episode with mixed features. People experiencing an episode with mixed features may feel very sad, empty, or hopeless and extremely energized at the same time.

Bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. For example, some people with bipolar disorder experience hypomania. It is a less severe from of mania. During a hypomanic episode, an individual may feel very good. The person may not feel that anything is wrong. However, family and friends may recognize the mood swings. Without proper treatment. People with hypomania may develop severe mania or depression.

The word "intense" in line 7 means ....

                Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder. It is also known as manic-depressive illness. It causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. It also affects the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. There are four basic types of bipolar disorder. All of them involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range, from periods of extremely “up” to “down” periods. During the “up” period one shows energized behavior. During the “down” periods he/she is very sad or hopeless. The “up” periods are known as manic episodes. The “down” periods are known as depressive episodes. Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.

                People with bipolar disorder experience periods of extremely intense emotion. They also experience changes in sleep patterns and activity levels. They show unsual behaviors. These periods are called “mood episodes”. Mood episodes are extremely different from the person’s ordinary moods and behaviors. During the mood episodes there are extreme changes in energy, activity, and sleep.

                Sometimes a mood episode includes both manic and depressive symptoms. This is called an episode with mixed features. People experiencing an episode with mixed features may feel very sad, empty, or hopeless and extremely energized at the same time.

Bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. For example, some people with bipolar disorder experience hypomania. It is a less severe from of mania. During a hypomanic episode, an individual may feel very good. The person may not feel that anything is wrong. However, family and friends may recognize the mood swings. Without proper treatment. People with hypomania may develop severe mania or depression.

What is the topic of the passage? 

In addition to inactive and unsupportive environment, genes and family history also contribute to overweight and obesity cases. Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart how that genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight of obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents one overweight or obese. Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment. Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.

Some hormone problems may also cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause weight gain. Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight have upper-body obesity, a rounded face, fat around the neck and thin arms and legs. PCOS is a condition that affects about 5-10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of hormones called androgens.

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines, which can slow the rate at which your body burns calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.

(Adapted form:https//ww.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes)

What is the best summary of the passage?

In addition to inactive and unsupportive environment, genes and family history also contribute to overweight and obesity cases. Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart how that genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight of obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents one overweight or obese. Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment. Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.

Some hormone problems may also cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause weight gain. Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight have upper-body obesity, a rounded face, fat around the neck and thin arms and legs. PCOS is a condition that affects about 5-10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of hormones called androgens.

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines, which can slow the rate at which your body burns calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.

(Adapted form:https//ww.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes)

Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that the more a child's family practices a healthy lifestyle, the ........

In addition to inactive and unsupportive environment, genes and family history also contribute to overweight and obesity cases. Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart how that genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight of obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents one overweight or obese. Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment. Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.

Some hormone problems may also cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause weight gain. Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight have upper-body obesity, a rounded face, fat around the neck and thin arms and legs. PCOS is a condition that affects about 5-10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of hormones called androgens.

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines, which can slow the rate at which your body burns calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.

(Adapted form:https//ww.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes)

What topic does the paragraph precedding the passage most likely discuss?

Considering the harmful enviromental effects produced by pollution, overpopulation and depletion of natural resources, numerous scholars and public officials have called for increased urgency in motivating people to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. One significant way of meeting such calls involves our behavior as consumers. For example, people often have the option of switching from conventional products to energy-efficient or reusable "green" products. Yet, while green options are becoming more widely available, many barriers to change remain. For instance, people are notoriously reluctant to change familiar patterns of behavior and making a switch to green behaviors often necessitates making sacrifices (e.g, paying more for a less effective product)

Based on research on energy conservation in the wake of the 1970s energy crisis, researchers have continued to investigate strategies that promote conservation behaviors. However, they need to consider the underlying motives for conservation in order to develop an effective strategy. In fact, those motives have been identified. Each of them suggests different strategies for stimulating conservation. Therefore, public officials should choose one best strategy to conserve environment.

According to an enviromental concern perspective, people are assumed to engage in conservation primarily because they, at some level, basically care about the security of the planet and its inhabitants. To motivate green behavior from this perspective, an effective strategy involves better informing people about the plight of the environment. Accordingly, information campaigns about the dangerous state of the planet should lead people to behave in a pro-enviromental fashion, even if going green requires some sacrifice on the part of consumers. In contrast, a rational economic perspective suggests that conservation is primarily determined by economic reasons. As a result, an effective way to motivate people to go green is by making green products cheaper, more efficient and providing consumers with financial incentives (e.g.,tax breaks) to buy them. The motives related to environmental concern and economic advantage can certainly spur conservation

(Adapted form : Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010, Vol. 98, No.3, 392-404)

Which of the following obviously shows the author's false idea in the passage?

Considering the harmful enviromental effects produced by pollution, overpopulation and depletion of natural resources, numerous scholars and public officials have called for increased urgency in motivating people to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. One significant way of meeting such calls involves our behavior as consumers. For example, people often have the option of switching from conventional products to energy-efficient or reusable "green" products. Yet, while green options are becoming more widely available, many barriers to change remain. For instance, people are notoriously reluctant to change familiar patterns of behavior and making a switch to green behaviors often necessitates making sacrifices (e.g, paying more for a less effective product)

Based on research on energy conservation in the wake of the 1970s energy crisis, researchers have continued to investigate strategies that promote conservation behaviors. However, they need to consider the underlying motives for conservation in order to develop an effective strategy. In fact, those motives have been identified. Each of them suggests different strategies for stimulating conservation. Therefore, public officials should choose one best strategy to conserve environment.

According to an enviromental concern perspective, people are assumed to engage in conservation primarily because they, at some level, basically care about the security of the planet and its inhabitants. To motivate green behavior from this perspective, an effective strategy involves better informing people about the plight of the environment. Accordingly, information campaigns about the dangerous state of the planet should lead people to behave in a pro-enviromental fashion, even if going green requires some sacrifice on the part of consumers. In contrast, a rational economic perspective suggests that conservation is primarily determined by economic reasons. As a result, an effective way to motivate people to go green is by making green products cheaper, more efficient and providing consumers with financial incentives (e.g.,tax breaks) to buy them. The motives related to environmental concern and economic advantage can certainly spur conservation

(Adapted form : Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010, Vol. 98, No.3, 392-404)

What does the author imply by stating "... while green options are becoming more widely available, many barriers to change remain" in lines 4-5?

The applications, games and websites that are promoted as 'educational' are not always the best ones for supporting learning. The fact that they are interactive does not necessarily mean that they are much better than old-fashioed workbook with its right and wrong answes. Children may enjoy these products for a while but then get a bit bored. Thus, they are not the most approriate or engaging way to learn.

Treat so-called 'free' applications with caution. Some will expose your child to advertisement. Others are designed to wait until your child is engaged in a game or storyline and then demand payment before they can go any further. This can lead to frustration as young children do not understand why they cannot continue. Sometimes it is better to make a small payment in advance if the application promises no further purchases. However, some applications are free to download and completely free of advertisement or in-app purchases.

Choosing an app needs the same kind of thought and care you would put into buying anything else for your child. Do not rely only on the star rating. Instead, read the user reviews and check the privacy policy if you are worried about the personal infomation that the app might be collecting. If you want your child enjoy learning, develop curiosity and think about things creatively, provide them with a range of games and apps. Open-ended games have become progressively more challenging and encourage children to explore and have fun. They are, therefore more likely to establish a love of learning and to lay the foundation for their future development

Physcial activity, reading and other more 'traditional' activities continue to play a very important part in children's development. But, most parents do rely on screen devices from time to time to engage their child while they are busy with something else This is not a problem in itself, just as long as children's time is made up of a balanced range of activities.

The author reminds readers to be more careful with commercialism in free applications in paragraph(s) .....

            Despite its name, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. Some of the symptoms, however, are similar to those of a heart attack or heart disease. Heartburn is an irritation of the esophagus that is caused by stomach acid, which can create a burning discomfort in the upper abdomen or below the breast bone.

           With gravity’s help, a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, keeps stomach acid in the stomach. The LES is located where the esophagus meets the stomach – below the rib cage and slightly left of center. Normally it opens to allow food into the stomach or to permit belching, and the closes again. If, however, the LES opens too often or does not close tight enough, stomach acid can reflux, or seep, into the esophagus and cause the burning sensation. Occasional heartburn is not dangerous, but chronic heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can sometimes lead to serious problems.

           The basic cause of heartburn is a lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, that does not tighten as it should. Two excesses often contribute to this problem: to o much food in the stomach (overeating) or too much pressure on the stomach (frequently from obesity, pregnancy, or constipation). Certain foods commonly relax the LES, including tomatoes, citrus fruits, garlic, onions, chocolate, coffe, alcohol, caffeinated products, and peppermint. Meals high in fats and oils (animal or vegetable) often lead to heartburn, as di certain medications. Stress and lack of sleep can increase acid production and can cause heartburn. Smoking, which relaxes the LES and stimulates stomach acid, is a major contributor.

           How does heartburn happen? When you eat, food goes from your mouth down a tube called the esophagus into your stomach. In between the esophagus and the stomach is an opening called the lower esophageal sphincter. This muscular valve acts like a door to let food into your stomach. It normally closes quickly behind the food to keep stomach acids – which break down the food – from backing up into your esophagus.

           If that valve does not close all the way, stomach acid backs up, or refluxes, into the esophagus. Stomach acid irritates the lining of the esophagus and causes a painful burning sensation. The feeling may be worse after bending over or when you lie down.

        Certain foods and drinks – like tomato products, alcohol, citrus, coffee, and fatty or spicy foods – may be more likely to irritate the lower esophageal sphincter and make heartburn worse. Being overweight, eating big meals, wearing clothes that are tight around the waist, and smoking also raise your risk for heartburn. Learning what triggers your heartburn can help you ease the burn.

(Diadaptasi dari http://www.gghospital.in/blog/heartburn-cause-and-cure/)

What will happen when the lower escphageal sphincter does not close after entry of food? 

            Despite its name, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. Some of the symptoms, however, are similar to those of a heart attack or heart disease. Heartburn is an irritation of the esophagus that is caused by stomach acid, which can create a burning discomfort in the upper abdomen or below the breast bone.

           With gravity’s help, a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, keeps stomach acid in the stomach. The LES is located where the esophagus meets the stomach – below the rib cage and slightly left of center. Normally it opens to allow food into the stomach or to permit belching, and the closes again. If, however, the LES opens too often or does not close tight enough, stomach acid can reflux, or seep, into the esophagus and cause the burning sensation. Occasional heartburn is not dangerous, but chronic heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can sometimes lead to serious problems.

           The basic cause of heartburn is a lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, that does not tighten as it should. Two excesses often contribute to this problem: to o much food in the stomach (overeating) or too much pressure on the stomach (frequently from obesity, pregnancy, or constipation). Certain foods commonly relax the LES, including tomatoes, citrus fruits, garlic, onions, chocolate, coffe, alcohol, caffeinated products, and peppermint. Meals high in fats and oils (animal or vegetable) often lead to heartburn, as di certain medications. Stress and lack of sleep can increase acid production and can cause heartburn. Smoking, which relaxes the LES and stimulates stomach acid, is a major contributor.

           How does heartburn happen? When you eat, food goes from your mouth down a tube called the esophagus into your stomach. In between the esophagus and the stomach is an opening called the lower esophageal sphincter. This muscular valve acts like a door to let food into your stomach. It normally closes quickly behind the food to keep stomach acids – which break down the food – from backing up into your esophagus.

           If that valve does not close all the way, stomach acid backs up, or refluxes, into the esophagus. Stomach acid irritates the lining of the esophagus and causes a painful burning sensation. The feeling may be worse after bending over or when you lie down.

        Certain foods and drinks – like tomato products, alcohol, citrus, cofe, and fatty or spicy foods – may be more likely to irritate the lower esophageal sphincter and make heartburn worse. Being overweight, eating big meals, wearing clothes that are tight around the waist, and smoking also raise your risk for heartburn. Learning what triggers your heartburn can help you ease the burn.

(Diadaptasi dari http://www.gghospital.in/blog/heartburn-cause-and-cure/)

The passage can be best summarize as follows ....