Immediately following the online registration period and through the end of the second week of the fail and spring semesters, course additions may be made. This can be done if the student has the consent of his or her advisor or the instructor of the course. Students must turn in their add cards by the end of the second week of classes.

Students may not add a course after the deadline. Petitions for exceptions to this rule will be considered by the Administration Committee. If approved, a charge of $50 per add will be assessed. A student may withdraw from a course without receiving a failing grade up to the end of the fifth week of the semester.

After the fifth week of classes, a student may ask the Adminstration Committee in writing to withdraw from a course for exceptional personal or medical reasons. The petition should be endorsed by the student's Commons dean. If permission is granted, the course will be removed from the student's transcript; if it is denied, the student will remain on the roster for that course. Withdrawals for other reason are not permitted after the end of the fifth week. A student may also request the Administration Committee to correct the student's enrollment if the student provides writeen confirmation from the instructor that the student did not attend the class. If permission is granted, a charge of $50 per dropped course will be assessed. A student who fails to complete the work of a course will receive a failing grade in that course.

(Adapted from : http//www.middlebury.edu/about/handbook/academics/Course_Registration_and_Conduct_of_Courses_regis)

The word "withdraw" in line 5 means .......

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Immediately following the online registration period and through the end of the second week of the fall and spring semesters, course additions may be made. This can be done if the student has the consent of his or her advisor or the instructor of the course. Students must turn in their add cards by the end of the second week of classes.

(Adapted from : http//www.middlebury.edu/about/handbook/academics/Course_Registration_and_Conduct_of_Courses_regis)

What is the topic of the passage?

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The food stimulating a suspicion is on course for inspiring even more wonder from a medical standpoint as scientists have reported the latest evidence that chili peppers are a heart-healthy food with potential to protect against the no. 1 cause of death in the developed world. The report was part of the 243^rd National Meeting and Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).

The study focused on capsaicin and its fiery-hot relatives, a spicy family of substances termed “capsaicinoids”. As the stuff that gives cayennes, jalapenos, habaneros and other chili peppers their heat, capsaicin already has an established role in rub-on-the-skin creams to treat arthritis and certain forms of pain. Past research suggested that spicing food with chilies can lower blood pressure in people with that condition, reduce blood cholesterol, and ease the tendency for dangerous blood clots to form.

“Our research has reinforced and expanded knowledge about how these substances in chilies work in improving heart health,” said Zhen-Yu Chen, who presented the study. “ We now have a clearer and more detailed portrait of their innermost effects on genes and other mechanism that influence cholesterol and the health of blood vessels. It is among the first research to provide that information. “ The team found, for instance, that capsaicin and a close chemical relative boost heart health in two ways. They lower cholesterol levels by reducing accumulation of cholesterol in the body and increasing its breakdown and excretion in the feces. They also block action of a gene that makes arteries contract, restricting the flow of blood to the hearts and other organs. The blocking action allows more blood to flow through blood vessels.

“We conclude that capsaicinoid were beneficial in improving a range of factors related to heart and blood vessel health,” said Chen, a professor of food and nutritional science at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. “But we certainly do not recommend that people start consuming chilies to an excess. A good diet is a matter of balance. And remember, chilies are no substitute for the prescription for meditations proven to be beneficial. They may be a nice supplement, however, for people who find the hot flavour pleasant”.

Chen and his colleagues turned to hamsters for the study, animals that serve as stand-ins for humans in research that cannot be performed in people. They gave the hamsters high-cholesterol diets, divides them into groups, and supplemented each group’s food with either no capsaicinoids in the control group or various amounts of capsaicinoids. The scientists then analysed the effects.

In addition to reducing total cholesterol levels in the blood, capsaicinoids reduced levels of the so-called “bad” cholesterol which deposits into blood vessels, but did not affect levels of so-called “good” cholesterol. The team found indications that capsaicinoids may reduce the size of deposits that already have formed in blood vessels, narrowing arteries in ways that can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

Capsaicinoids also blocked the activity of a gene that produce cycloosygenase-2, a substance that makes the muscles around blood vessels tighten. By blocking it, muscles can relax and widen, allowing more blood to flow.

Based on the passage, the relationships between capsaicionoids and artery disorders is analogous with which of the following?

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Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our most cherished institutions is, by its very nature, failing our children and our society. (5)

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientists have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school. (10)

Compulsory education has been a fixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume that the basic design of today's school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But nothing could be further from the truth.

(15) Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed during the Protestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey authority figures without questioning them. When school were taken over by the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends,the basic structure and methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have failed because they have not altered, the basic blueprint. (20) The top down, teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of rewards and punishments rather than by curiosity or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no wonder that many of the world's greatest entrepreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison) or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einsten).

What is the topic of the text above?

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[14] ....

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Climates change is changing our economy, health, and communities in diverse ways. Scientist warn that if we do not aggressively curb climate change now, the result will likely be disastrous.

Carbon dioxide and other global warming pollutants are collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun’s heat and causing the planet to warm up.

Although local temperatures fluctuate naturally, over the past 50 years the average global temperatures has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history. Scientist say that unless we curb the emissions that cause climate change, average U.S. temperatures could be 3 to 9 degrees higher by the end of the century.

Climate change is a complex phenomenon, and its full-scale impacts are to predict far in advance. But each year scientists learn more about how climate change is affecting the planet and our communities, and most agree that certain consequences are likely to occur if current trends continue.

In addition to impacting our water resources, energy supply, transportation, agriculture, and ecosystems, the United States Global Change Research Program concludes that climate change also poses unique challenges to human health, for example, significant increases in the risk of illness and death related to extreme heat and heat waves are very likely. Some diseases transmitted by food, water, and insects are likely to increase. Certain group, including children, the elderly, and the poor, are most vulnerable to a range of climate-related health effects. These impacts will result in significant costs to our families and the economy.

Here is the good news: technologies exist today to make cars that run cleaner and burn less gas, modernize power plants and generate electricity from nonpolluting sources, and cut our electricity use through energy efficiency. The challenge is to be sure these solutions are put to use.

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is tackling global warming on two main fronts – cutting pollution and expanding clean energy. Transitioning to clean energy economy will bring new jobs and reduce air pollution. We cannot afford to wait.

(Diadaptasi dari http://group.axa.con/en/newsroom/news/global-warming)

The author presents the unique challenges to human health due to climate change by ....