Read the text aloud, in turns. Then, listen and answer the questions based on the text, orally.

    Where did the peoples of the archipelago come from? Ge·nerations of scholars have debated this issue without arriving at any definitive answer, at least in part because it depends on at what point in the evolutionary process we say that 'Indonesian peoples' emerged. However, if we accept that the present-day indigenous Indonesian population consists of two broad ethnic groups, the Melanesian in the east and the Austronesian in the west, we can .get a little further in addressing the question.

    There seems little doubt that the Melanesian-speaking peoples, now to. be found chiefly in Papua and a few of its offshore islands, arrived first, probably from the east. They spread westward through the archipelago, possibly as far west as the Andaman Islands in the· Bay of Bengal, and north into the Philippines. The Austronesian speakers almost certainly. arrived later from southern China via Taiwan and the Philippine Islands. Austronesian speakers had probably settled the Philippines by around 2500 BCE, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Timor by around 2000 BCE and Halmahera by 1 500 BCE. These peoples were hunters and gatherers, but they were also agriculturalists, and brought with them domesticated animals. The Melanesian speaking peoples retreated eastward before them.

    By the beginning of the Current Era, a number of sophisticated societies were well established in parts of the Indonesian archipelago, alongside others with perhaps simpler and less complex cultures. The language groups which formed the basis of most of the languages of the archipelago, Austronesian and Melanesian were in place. Wet-rice farming was being practised in those regions which could support it, with buffaloes and oxen providing the traction power. The most sophisticated societies were almost certainly those in Java, but even here there were no states in anything like the modem sense of the term.

Adopted from: Colin Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, Australia, Allen & Unwin, 2003

List each event described in the text chronologically. One has been done for you.