Question 1 - 4 are based on the following passage.

    A popular maxim in the business world states that leaders are supposed to "do the right thing" and managers are supposed to "do things right." There are a number of different management styles that can be effective; some managers rely on hard quantitative data, including detailed summaries of all business transactions and tables of numbers, while others focus more on qualitative data, such as reports from the field and recent trends in the financial world. Since the late 1960s, managers in the business world have had access to a new tool to aid them in decision making. Advances in computer technology and modeling software led to the introduction of Data Support Systems (DSS). This new technology resulted from a combination of theoretical work carried out in the 1950s on how managers made decisions and technical innovations in computers systems achieved in the early 1960s. A wealth of literature has been produced on DSS since that time, detailing both practical applications and theoretical investigations into the subject.

    Stephen Alter an early innovator in the DSS field. outlined the three major characteristics of DSS According to Alter, a DSS should be designed to facilitate the decision making process, to support rather than automate decisions, and to be able to quickly adapt to the changing needs of managers. Within this broad framework, programmers have developed a number of different data support systems. Some systems aid the manager by making a huge amount of data readily available. Others contain theoretical models pertaining to specific decision making scenarios. A data support system can be designed for managers who typically arrive at a decision independently or for those who wish to coordinate information among a number of individuals in order to arrive at a joint decision. A DSS can be more than just a simple tool for data mining or data warehousing Advances in artificial intelligence capabilities have led to DSS that feature interactive query capabilities and are sophisticated enough to handle problems that are not clearly defined or clearly structured.

According to the passage, DSS have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ....