Bacalah kedua teks berikut untuk menjawab soal nomor 41  sampai dengan nomor 45!

Passage A

    It is standard practice in a hospital setting, particularly among Western cultures, to separate mothers and their newborns. Separation is also common for babies under medical distress or remature babies, who may be placed in an incubator.

    Humans are the only mammals who practice such  maternal-neonate separation, but its physiological impact on the baby has been unknown until now. Researchers measured heart rate variability in 2-day-old sleeping babies for one hour each during skin-to-skin contact with mother and alone in a cot next to mother's bed. Neonatal autonomic activity was 176% higher and quiet sleep 86% lower during maternal separation compared to skin-to-skin contact.

    Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry, commented on the study's findings: "Maternal separation suggests that it is major physiologic stressor for the infant." Thus, as further evidence emerges, the challenge to doctors will be to incorporate skin-to-skin contact into routine treatment whilst still safely providing the other elements of newborn medical care.

Passage B

    In a study of 29 father-infant pairs, full-term healthy newborns born by planned cesarean section were randomized to be placed either skin-to-skin on their father's chest or beside their father in a crib. The infants in the skin-to-skin group stopped crying and were calmer compared to infants in the crib group. A father should therefore be regarded as the primary caregiver for the baby when a mother is not available immediately following a birth.

    Early skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her baby may need to be limited for practical and medical safety reasons. "After births with complications, mothers are often not available to their babies for contact," says principal author Kerstin Erlandsson. The study shows that a father can soothe his newborn as effectively as a mother, and more effectively than if the babyis placed in a crib during the first two hours after birth.