Napoleon is a favorite fish for divers in many regions of the world. The fish can instantly be recognized by its size, color and shape. It is one of the largest reef fish in the world. They can grow up to 230 cm and weigh 190 kg. They have fleshy lips and a hump over the head that is similar to a napoleon hat. The Hump becomes more prominent with age.

    Colors vary with age and sex. Males range from a bright electric blue to green or purplish blue. Mature males develop a black stripe along the sides, blue spots on their body scales, and blue scribbles on the head. Juveniles can be identified by their pale greenish color and two black lines running behind the eye. Females, both old and young, are red-orange on the upper parts of their bodies and red-orange to white yellow.

    Napoleon fish are carnivorous and eat during the day. They can be seen feasting on shellfish, other fish, sea stars, sea urchins and crabs, crushing the shells to get the animal within. They also crush large chunks of dead coral rubble with peg-like teeth to feed on the burrowing mussels and worms.

    Pairs spawn together as part of a larger mating group that may consist of over 100 individuals. The planktonic eggs are released into the water, and once the larvae have hatched they will settle out on the substrate. Adult females are able to change sex but the triggers for this development are not yet known.

    The Napoleon is mainly found on coral reef edges and drop-offs. They move into shallow bays during the day to feed, and tend to move into deeper waters as they grow older and large. Adults, therefore, are more common offshore than inshore.

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