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The passage is for the following question. The modern period of civil rightreform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders, and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practices, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes. Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1, 1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere. Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger significance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks."I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom," he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, the clergy-led Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president. King remained the major spokesperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protests spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, in April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contrast to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms. (Adapted from http://www.history.com. AccessedFebruary 12, 2014) What is the text primarily concerned with? (SBMPTN 2014)
The passage is for the following question.
The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders, and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practices, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.
Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1, 1995. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats, toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city's buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.
Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement's most effective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger significance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern blacks. "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom," he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, the clergy-led Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.
King remained the major spokesperson for black aspirations, but as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at Southern lunch counters. These protests spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, in April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King's SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movement in contrast to SCLC's strategy using local campaign to achieve national civil rights reforms.
(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)
What is the text primarily concerned with? (SBMPTN 2014)
Different phases in civil rights movement in America
Martin Luther King. Jr.'s movement in America
Social changes in America in the 20th century
Non prominent figures in the U.S. civil rights movement
Landmarks in civil rights movement in America
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A. Ainun
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jawaban yang tepat adalah A.
Pembahasan
Soal ini sama saja dengan menanyakan gagasan utama dari teks. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan dari gagasan utama setiap paragraf. Paragraf pertama membahas tentang periode modern dari civil rights reform di Amerika Serikat yang terbagi menjadi beberapa fase. Paragraf kedua membahas tentang fase awal yang berupa gerakan protes dari warga kulit hitam Amerika Serikat. Gerakan tersebut bernama Montgomery Bus Boycott dan the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Paragraf ketiga membahas tentang Martin Luther King, Jr. yang merupakan pemimpin yang dianggap paling efektif dalam memimpin gerakan protes. Paragraf keempat membahastentang Martin Luther King, Jr. yang masih merupakan juru bicara dari gerakan protes warga kulit hitam, serta kemunculan tokoh-tokoh kecil yang mengawali gerakan berikutnya. Berdasarkan informasi yang ada di setiap paragraf tersebut, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa secara garis besar teksnya membahas tentang fase-fase dalamperiode modern dari reformasi hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat. Pilihan A benar karena teksnya fokus kepadafase-fase dalamperiode modern dari reformasi hak-hak sipil. Pilihan B tidak tepat karena yang dibahas pada teks bukanlah gerakan Martin Luther King, Jr., melainkan gerakan warga kulit hitam Amerika Serikat. Pilihan Ctidak tepat karena teksnya hanya fokus pada satu contoh social change (perubahan sosial) di Amerika, yaitu civil rights reform. Pilihan Dtidak tepat karena teksnya tidak fokus kepadatokoh-tokoh kecil yang berperan dalam gerakan protes. Tokoh-tokoh tersebut hanya disebutkan sekilas pada paragraf keempat. ( "...little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements" ). Pilihan Etidak tepat karena kata landmarks artinya "peristiwa-peristiwa penting". Teksnya tidak fokus kepada peristiwa sepanjang pergerakan, melainkan beberapa fase dalamperiode modern dari civil rights reform di Amerika Serikat. Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah A.
Soal ini sama saja dengan menanyakan gagasan utama dari teks. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan dari gagasan utama setiap paragraf.
Paragraf pertama membahas tentang periode modern dari civil rights reform di Amerika Serikat yang terbagi menjadi beberapa fase.
Paragraf kedua membahas tentang fase awal yang berupa gerakan protes dari warga kulit hitam Amerika Serikat. Gerakan tersebut bernama Montgomery Bus Boycott dan the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Paragraf ketiga membahas tentang Martin Luther King, Jr. yang merupakan pemimpin yang dianggap paling efektif dalam memimpin gerakan protes.
Paragraf keempat membahas tentang Martin Luther King, Jr. yang masih merupakan juru bicara dari gerakan protes warga kulit hitam, serta kemunculan tokoh-tokoh kecil yang mengawali gerakan berikutnya.
Berdasarkan informasi yang ada di setiap paragraf tersebut, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa secara garis besar teksnya membahas tentang fase-fase dalam periode modern dari reformasi hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat.
Pilihan A benar karena teksnya fokus kepada fase-fase dalam periode modern dari reformasi hak-hak sipil.
Pilihan B tidak tepat karena yang dibahas pada teks bukanlah gerakan Martin Luther King, Jr., melainkan gerakan warga kulit hitam Amerika Serikat.
Pilihan C tidak tepat karena teksnya hanya fokus pada satu contoh social change (perubahan sosial) di Amerika, yaitu civil rights reform.
Pilihan D tidak tepat karena teksnya tidak fokus kepada tokoh-tokoh kecil yang berperan dalam gerakan protes. Tokoh-tokoh tersebut hanya disebutkan sekilas pada paragraf keempat. ("... little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movements").
Pilihan E tidak tepat karena kata landmarks artinya "peristiwa-peristiwa penting". Teksnya tidak fokus kepada peristiwa sepanjang pergerakan, melainkan beberapa fase dalam periode modern dari civil rights reform di Amerika Serikat.
Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah A.
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