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    Many historical linguist are able to (40) ____ modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. However, this is possible.

    Some of most recent languages evolved (41) ____ the Atlantic slave trade. At this time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the languages of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to (42) ____ when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. (43) ____, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it when they learn their mother tongue. Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted mother words to create a new, expressive language. Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are (44) ____ by children.

    Some linguist believe that many most established languages were creoles at first. The English past tense -ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do’. ‘It ended' may once have been ‘It end-did’. Thus, it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical mechanism in their brains, which emerges when they are first trying to make sense of the world near them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.

The italic word in the last paragraph means ....