Question 40 - 45 are based on the following text

    Non-verbal communication is defined as communication between people by means other than speech. Non-verbal communication (NVC) derives from the following major sources: (1) eye contact (amount of looking at another person's body and face); (2) mouth (especially smiling or grimacing in relation to eye contact); (3) posture (for example, sitting forwards or backwards); (4) gesture (as with the use of arm movements when talking); (5) orientation (of the body to the addressee); (6) body distance (as when we stand too close or too far away from other); (7) smell (including perfumes); (8) skin (including pigmentation, blushing and texture); (9) hair (including length, texture and style); (10) clothes (with particular reference to fashion).

    Non-verbal communication is not quite the same as 'body language' because any claim about a language must refer to an agreed and identifiable grammar and syntax. NVC is not always so precise or advanced; the vocabulary on non-verbal signs is more limited than speech. Even so, it is a mistake to consider NVC as isolated from speech. Instead, some complex interaction is envisaged between word and body signal, and one that is not always complementary. Imagine yourself interviewing job applicants. You might not offer, employment to a candidate who refuses to look at you, always frowns, hunches both shoulders, sweats a lot, and has a Mohican hair cut-despite the fact that he or she gives thoughtful and interesting replies to your questions.

    Take eye contact as an example for discussion. Mutual eye contact (where both people look into each other' s eyes) can be a sign of liking, but prolonged gaze leads to dsicomfort. The directed eye contact violates a code of looking, where eye contact is frequently broken but returned to, and leads to depersonalization of the victim because an aggressor deliberately breaks the rules which the victim adheres to. Eye contact is often enhanced by size of pupils, eyebrow inflection and movement, and smiling.

(Adapted from O'sull ivan, Tim, eta I, 1994. Key concept in Communication and cultural studies. 2"d, Ed. New York: Routledge)

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