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    In the early 16th century the Portuguese arrived in Indonesia. At that time there was a huge demand in Europe for spices such as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and mace. Huge profits could be made by transporting them to Europe and selling them. The Portuguese therefore decided to seize the Mohiccas, 'the chief source of spices. In 1511 they captured Melaka, an important port. They also captured the Moluccas.

    However, in the early 17th century the Portuguese lost their position to the Dutch. The first Dutch fleet sailed from Holland in 1595 under Cornelis de Houtman. In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was formed to control trade with Indonesia. In 1605 they took Tidore and Ambon from the Dutch. In 1619 the company captured Batavia. In 1641 they took Melaka. During the century the Dutch gradually extended their power of Java and the Moluccas. However they had little influence in the rest of Indonesia. Moreover, during the 18th century the Dutch East India Company slipped into debt Finally, in 1799 the Dutch government took over its territories.

    In 1806 the British and Dutch went to war. In 1811 the British under Lord Minto sailed to Batavia. The / British soon took over all the Dutch possessions in Indonesia. The British abolished slavery and they also divided the country into areas called residencies 'for administration. In 1816 the British handed Indonesia back to the Dutch. Many Indonesians resisted the return of the Dutch. However the Dutch eventually defeated them and regained control.

    In 1825 the Javanese War, in Central Java, began. It was led by Prince Diponegoro. However, the war ended with the Dutch victory in 1830. Diponegoro went into exile and died in 1855.

    Furthermore during the 19th century the Dutch extended their control over other parts of Indonesia. In 1825 they took Palembang in Sumatra. They also fought wars with the Balinese in 1848, 1849, 1858, and 1868. However, Bali was not finally conquered until 1906.

    In 1873 the Dutch went to war with Aceh. The war went on until 1908. In the meantime, in 1894 the Dutch captured Lombok and in 1905 they captured the whole of Sulawesi.

Adopted from: Tim Lambert, A Brief History of Indonesia, http://www. localhistories.org/indonesia.html (July 12, 2019)