The chemical that puts the heat in hot chili peppers is capsaicin. Yet scientists have known for some time that when applied to the skin, this same compound can diminish pain. Indeed, some over-the-counter pain relievers already rely on capsaicin to tackle sore muscles and joints. But how that chi li chemical chill sore nerves has remained somewhat of a mystery. Until now. Tibor Rohacs of Ru t gers New Jersey Medical School in Newark and colleagues find that capsaicin works through a cascade of biological steps. They have just outlined them in the February 10 issue of Science Signaling. In the body, capsaicin jump starts a chemical chain reaction. The first step in that chain reaction was well known. That is where capsaicin turns on a protein-Trpv1-that senses heat(this protein's activity explains why rubbing creams containing capsaicin onto the skin produces a localized burning sensation). But, the compound does quite a bit more. More importantly for pain control: turning on Trpv1 floods pain-sensing nerves with calcium, Rohac's team has just discovered that calcium boost causes a drop in levels of two fatty substances, known as lipids. They are known as phosphoinositides. These lipids reside in the wall (membranes) of nerve cells. The lipid dip, in tum, silences two proteins. They are called Piezo) 1 and 2. Their job is to monitor whether and how much a cell membrane stretches. Those Piezo proteins are important for many biological processes. They play a role in telling blood vessels to constrict. They also play roles in sensing touch and pain. Indeed, Rohac's group showed, shutting down those stretch sensors blocks the signal that normally alerts the brain to pain. By saying "But how chili chemical chill sore nerves has remained somewhat of mystery" in paragraph 1, the author implies that .... A. there are many researches on how chili chemical sore nerve already conducted B. it has already known that capsaicin in the chili chemical can relieve pain, but the biological steps on how it chills sore nerves still has remained unknown C. the scientists must conduct the research on sore nerves D. people has already known capsaicin involved in chili chemical E. the scientists does not find out capsaicin in the chemical chili

Preparing the Children Today for Tomorrow Parents strive to have their children academically competitive. Their goal is to send their children to good schools as well as to choose extracurricular activities that improve their children's skills and abilities. Children learn what is important through their school year. The question then becomes what should parents consider in choosing the best education for their children? When should the process begin? The answer is, from the time of birth, how ever, the schools become part of the process, when children begin preschools and kinder garten. This is when parents pick a school that parallel their educational beliefs. A joint effort between parents, students, and the schools is established. Success will be based on how well the "team" works. Parents need to look for a school that will be a "second home" for their children. These are some important factors that should be considered. It is very important that students have good reading comprehension, writing and speaking skills. In today's world, students who develop skill in two or more languages will find further studies easier. English is considered the business language of today and is important for students who plan to attend university in English speaking countries. Mandarin is becoming more important as China begins to move into world economy. French and German are necessary for many students are now looking at oppor tunities in Europe. Students who develop more than one language have an advantage over competitors applying for college place ment. However one cannot develop a second language unless one develops his or her first language. Studies show that children between the ages of two and six best acquire a second language parallel to their own. Therefore, starting students in school offering dual language instruction programmes have an advantage. If a dual language programmes isn't available, or is too expensive, parents may need to look at different ways to get the needed language instruction. Language acquisition needs to be active. A good school will begin with oral language at the earliest opportunity to develop speaking confidence and to set grammatical structures. When a child learn two languages in parallel, vocabulary and grammatical structures are easier to acquire. The earlier a second language is learned, the less problem a child will have with improper word use. The more active in each language students become the more proficient and confident they will be. Taken from The Jakarta Post, 2007 33. What language should you study if you want to continue your study in Europe?

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Mosaku and his apprentice Minokichi journeyed to a forest, some little distance front their village. It was a bitterly cold night when they neared their destination, and saw in front of them a cold sweep of water. They desired to cross this river, but the ferryman had gone away, leaving his boat on the other side of the water, and they were glad to take shelter in the ferryman's little hut. Minokichi fell asleep, to be soon awakened by a shower of snow falling across his face. He found a fair woman in dazzlingly white garments bent over Mosaku. Her breath coming forth like white smoke. After bending over the old man fort a minute or two, she turned to Minokichi and threat Minokichi with instant death if he dared to mention to anyone what he had seen, she suddenly vanished. Mosaku was dead! During the next winter, while Minokichi was returning home, he chanced to meet a pretty girl by the name of Yuki. Minokichi was charmed with this maiden, and in due time married her. Yuki presented her husband with ten fine and handsome children, fairer of skin than average. One night, while Yuki was sewing, Minokichi recalled the extraordinary experience he had had in the ferryman's hut. "You remind me so much of a beautiful white woman I saw when I was eighteen years old. She killed my master with her ice-cold breath. I am sure she was some strange spirit, and yet tonight she seems to resemble you." Yuki flung down her sewing. She bent close to her husband and shrieked, "It was me, Yuki-Onna, who came to you then, and silently killed your master! Oh, faithless wretch, you have broken your promise to keep the matter secret, and if it were not for our sleeping children I would kill you now! On a night when the snow falls I will kill you!" Then Yuki-Onna, the Lady of the Snow, changed into a white *mist*, and passed through the smoke-hole, never to return again. Where did Mosaku and Minokichi stay in the forest? a. On a boat b. Shelter c. Village d. River e. Ferryman's bed

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Dear Malika, How are you? I saw you posted some amazing photos of the coastline near your hometown. You're really getting into your photography! Right now I'm taking a break from social media to write you an old-fashioned email. Remember you said you'd like to come over to the UK sometime this year? Well I was thinking that this year you might like to come to the Edinburgh Festival with me in August. I've got an aunt with a flat in the city centre who could put us up. Do you know much about the festival? It's legendary- the biggest, most cosmopolitan arts festival in the world! There are loads of things going on- art exhibitions, concerts of all kinds, modern dance, a book festival, comedy. The thing it's most famous for is cutting- edge theatre. Companies come from all over the world and perform in their own language with English subtitles. At festival time the city has a really cool vibe and a laidback atmosphere- it's lovely to just hang out and chat to people. In Scotland you have the vest of both worlds: culture and wilderness. After the festival, we could hire a car and go up to some of the islands off the west coast, like Skye. The weather can be changeable in August, but the landscape is absolutely stunning, with deserted beaches and rocky mountains. It's the perfect place for you to take photos. Afterwards, we could head back to the east coast and visit my friend Rob in St Andrews. It's really pretty and Rob's great company. You'd get on well with him. So, why don't you have a think about it and then get back to me? Take your time, there's no rush. Speak to you soon, Sophie Match the content point with the paragraph and write the alphabet next to the number 1. 1. ......... Paragraph 1 a. First content point (invite him/her to a public event in your country) b. Second content point (describe the public event) c. Third content point (explain about other plans you have) d. Request for a reply e. Opening greeting and small talk

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Organise Your Speech Delivering a powerful speech is not easy. First of all, you need to organise your speech properly. Most speeches have three main components: the introduction, the body and the closing. The Introduction This is possibly the most important part of your speech, because you want to grab your audience's attention from the start. So come up with something clever, shocking, or interesting right at the very beginning. Here are some possible techniques to use. - Be dramatic. Say something like, "I'm about to reveal a plan that will drastically alter the face of humanity as we know it!" When your presentation is really about a new brand of facial soap. - Tell a joke. Getting people to laugh will loosen them up and make them feel inclined to like you and hear what you have to say. Don't try this if your jokes are usually met by silence or groans. Test your opening out first on your most brutally honest of friends. - Tell a story. This will make the audience see you as a person instead of a boring public speaker, thus giving you an air of accessibility. Two things to keep in mind about opening your speech with your story: keep it short (under a minute) and keep it relevant to the rest of your presentation. The Body This is your speech. Everything you want to say should come out here, in an organised, trivialised fashion. Here are some possible techniques: Use a formal outline. You can prepare for writing the content of your speech by outlining your major points with those fun Roman numerals. Most good speeches have two or three main points, each of which has a couple of sub-points for examples. Formally outlining your speech will make sure that your logical flow makes sense and that your audience doesn't get lost. It will also help you figure out where the holes in your speech are, in case you have to do some last minute extra research. The Closing The way you end a speech is almost as important as the way you begin it. The audience will be most restless at the end, and you have to find a way to tie everything together so that they don't walk away remembering how badly they were fidgeting. The ending shapes the audience's memory of the speech. If you get a laugh, they will probably think it was funny. If you make a great insight, they will remember it as insightful. So sum everything up for them in approximately a few concise sentences and leave them with a witty line. Decide whether statements are true (T) or false (F) based on the text! 2. To grab your audience's attention you have to come up with something clever, shocking or interesting right at the very beginning.

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Change these active sentences into passive. 1. Ali writes a letter.

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