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Ecstasy is a popular term for an illegal, mood-altering drug whose chemical name is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Ecstasy is typically available in pill form. A user begins to feel the effects of ecstasy about 20 minutes after swallowing a pill. The drug affects the brain, primarily by causing the release of a neurotransmitter (chemical that carries signals between nerve cells) called serotonin. The rise in serotonin levels causes many users to experience changes in mood or mental outlook. Some users report that the drug generates a feeling of euphoria or excitement, along with increased empathy and openness toward others. Some people who use ecstasy also experience negative side effects, including anxiety or nervousness, vomiting, blurred vision, sweating, and irregular heartbeat. Most dangerously, the drug can cause a rise in body temperature, known as hyperthermia. Most deaths associated with ecstasy are complications of hyperthermia. One such complication commonly occurs when overheated users drink too much water, causing a fluid imbalance known as hyponatremia, which can be fatal. Scientists debate whether ecstasy causes permanent damage to nerve cells in the brain. Studies in rats and other animals document damage to the nerve structures that produce and process serotonin. In humans, some brain scans of frequent ecstasy users show permanent damage to serotonin pathways. Furthermore, tests in humans indicate that the drug may negatively affect memory, learning, and other mental processes. Some scientists, however, are critical of most ecstasy research. They point out that animal studies may not be directly applicable to humans. They also note that the pills illegally sold on the street as ecstasy have been manufactured in unregulated laboratories, and these pills often contain other illegal, dangerous compounds—including cocaine, methamphetamine, or paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA, which also drastically raises body temperature). Without evaluating the ingredients of each pill taken, critics say it is difficult to measure the long-term effects of ecstasy alone. Others hope that additional investigation of MDMA will reveal that the drug has some medicinal benefits. They hope the drug might someday be approved for legitimate use in psychotherapy. Therapists have proposed, for example, that MDMA—given in low, infrequent doses under controlled conditions—could be useful in easing treatment of patients who suffer persistent depression or anxiety following a traumatic event, such as a violent crime. 28. Some users report that the drug generates a feeling of euphoria or excitement. What is the antonym of the word excitement? a. pleasure b. thrill c. enthusiasm d. calm e. passion

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